Abstract:
The Law Merchant is depicted today as a transnational system based on merchant practice operating outside the fabric of national law. It is conceived as cosmopolitan in nature, universal in application, expertly delivered, and independent of other regulatory systems. This article critiques these qualities attributed to the historical as well as present-day Law Merchant. It disputes that it has evolved ‘spontaneously’ out of merchant practice; that it is uniform in nature; and that it transcends national law. It argues instead that the Law Merchant is often fragmentary in nature and subject to disparate national and transnational influences. It challenges, in particular, unitary conceptions of ‘autonomy’ ascribed to the Law Merchant, presenting a pluralistic conception of Law Merchant ‘autonomy’ instead. It illustrates these arguments in relation to the so-called Cyberspace Law Merchant and to transnational commercial arbitration.
Trakman, Leon, A Plural Account of the Transnational Law Merchant (May 14, 2012). (2011) 2(3) Transnational Legal Theory 309–345; UNSW Law Research Paper No. 2012-19.
Purpose
Saturday, June 23, 2012
Private Legal Transplants: Bright and dark nature of an unnoticed phenomenon
"Only a few months ago, the social image of prominent transnational enterprises such as Apple and HP was threatened by media reporting several violations of labor rights by Foxconn, the main contract manufacturer for electronics companies such as these, and which is located in the People’s Republic of China ..." (more)
[Tomaso Ferando, Critical Legal Thinking, 28 May 2012]
Sunday, June 17, 2012
Code vs. Code: Nationalist and Internationalist Images of the Code Civil in the French Resistance to a European Codification
Abstract:
French academics reacted to announcements about a possible future European civil code ten years ago in the way in which Americans reacted to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor 1940: first with shock, then with rearmament, finally with attempted counterattacks. Military metaphors abound. Yet the defense of the French Code Civil against a European civil code is tricky: they must defend one Code against another. The images drawn of codes are therefor of particular interest for our understanding both of civil codes and of legal nationalism. Often, two mutually exclusive images are presented at the same time. In cultural terms, the code civil is both traditional and revolutionary, both linguistically determined and independent of its language, both an expression of values and merely formal and neutral. Politically, the code civil is legitimated both in democracy and technocracy, it expresses both self-determination and imperialism, it is about both pluralism and universalism. Necessarily, in such juxtapositions, the same characteristics must be assigned to a European Code, making the arguments ultimately self-refuting. Nonetheless, the point is not to dismiss these defenses. Rather, they should be understood as expressions of faith — and the discussion over a European Code resembles, in part, a religious war.
Michaels, Ralf, Code vs. Code: Nationalist and Internationalist Images of the Code Civil in the French Resistance to a European Codification (May 22, 2012). European Review of Contract Law, Vol. 8, Forthcoming 2012.
French academics reacted to announcements about a possible future European civil code ten years ago in the way in which Americans reacted to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor 1940: first with shock, then with rearmament, finally with attempted counterattacks. Military metaphors abound. Yet the defense of the French Code Civil against a European civil code is tricky: they must defend one Code against another. The images drawn of codes are therefor of particular interest for our understanding both of civil codes and of legal nationalism. Often, two mutually exclusive images are presented at the same time. In cultural terms, the code civil is both traditional and revolutionary, both linguistically determined and independent of its language, both an expression of values and merely formal and neutral. Politically, the code civil is legitimated both in democracy and technocracy, it expresses both self-determination and imperialism, it is about both pluralism and universalism. Necessarily, in such juxtapositions, the same characteristics must be assigned to a European Code, making the arguments ultimately self-refuting. Nonetheless, the point is not to dismiss these defenses. Rather, they should be understood as expressions of faith — and the discussion over a European Code resembles, in part, a religious war.
Michaels, Ralf, Code vs. Code: Nationalist and Internationalist Images of the Code Civil in the French Resistance to a European Codification (May 22, 2012). European Review of Contract Law, Vol. 8, Forthcoming 2012.
Thursday, June 14, 2012
Stare Decisis - A Universally Misunderstood Idea?
Abstract:
In this article, I argue against the overstatement of the binding effects of precedent in common law and against the understatement of the relevance of precedent in civil law. I try to show that judges and courts in both kind of systems have to acknowledge relevant precedents and then provide persuasive reasons for following or not following them. Blindly following precedent, just as blind application of statutes, is acceptable only in the 'empire of mechanical jurisprudence'. Ignoring precedent in the name of judicial independence, on the other hand, is acceptable only in the empire of arbitrary jurisprudence. Legal systems subscribing to the rule of law can neither be mechanical nor arbitrary. They have to care about legitimacy of the judicial process. They have to explain themselves and they have to do so persuasively.
Emmert, Frank, Stare Decisis - A Universally Misunderstood Idea? (May 7, 2012).
In this article, I argue against the overstatement of the binding effects of precedent in common law and against the understatement of the relevance of precedent in civil law. I try to show that judges and courts in both kind of systems have to acknowledge relevant precedents and then provide persuasive reasons for following or not following them. Blindly following precedent, just as blind application of statutes, is acceptable only in the 'empire of mechanical jurisprudence'. Ignoring precedent in the name of judicial independence, on the other hand, is acceptable only in the empire of arbitrary jurisprudence. Legal systems subscribing to the rule of law can neither be mechanical nor arbitrary. They have to care about legitimacy of the judicial process. They have to explain themselves and they have to do so persuasively.
Emmert, Frank, Stare Decisis - A Universally Misunderstood Idea? (May 7, 2012).
Wednesday, June 13, 2012
From Administrative Law to Administrative Legitimation? The Spatiality of Law and Transnational Administrative Law in Comparative Perspective
Abstract:
Globalisation redefines the relationship between law and space, resulting in the emergence of transnational administrative law in a globalising legal space. I aim to shed light on transnational administrative law by examining how administrative law relates to the process of European integration. I argue that the idea of administrative legitimation is at the core of this relationship. In the European Union, transnational administration grounds its legitimacy on the fulfilment of administrative law requirements. However, given that in the European Union, administrative legitimation is rooted in Europe’s constitutional transformation, I caution against the projection of Europe’s experience onto global governance.
Kuo, Ming-Sung, From Administrative Law to Administrative Legitimation? The Spatiality of Law and Transnational Administrative Law in Comparative Perspective (2012). International & Comparative Law Quarterly, Forthcoming ; Warwick School of Law Research Paper No. 2012/12.
Globalisation redefines the relationship between law and space, resulting in the emergence of transnational administrative law in a globalising legal space. I aim to shed light on transnational administrative law by examining how administrative law relates to the process of European integration. I argue that the idea of administrative legitimation is at the core of this relationship. In the European Union, transnational administration grounds its legitimacy on the fulfilment of administrative law requirements. However, given that in the European Union, administrative legitimation is rooted in Europe’s constitutional transformation, I caution against the projection of Europe’s experience onto global governance.
Kuo, Ming-Sung, From Administrative Law to Administrative Legitimation? The Spatiality of Law and Transnational Administrative Law in Comparative Perspective (2012). International & Comparative Law Quarterly, Forthcoming ; Warwick School of Law Research Paper No. 2012/12.
The Use and Influence of Comparative Law in ‘Wrongful Life’ Cases
Abstract:
In analysing 'wrongful life' cases, comparative law is used extensively. This article examines these wrongful life cases, especially in light of the contradicting outcomes in different jurisdictions across the world, with the Dutch Kelly case and the South African decision in Stewart v Botha as its main examples. I will test the hypothesis that it is not so much the outcomes and (more importantly) the arguments found elsewhere through the comparative law method that are decisive in highly debated cases like those concerning wrongful life, but that instead it is something else that decides the issue, something I would define as the cultural background of, or the legal policies within a tort law system.
Giesen, Ivo, The Use and Influence of Comparative Law in ‘Wrongful Life’ Cases (May 10, 2012). Utrecht Law Review, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 35-54, May 2012.
In analysing 'wrongful life' cases, comparative law is used extensively. This article examines these wrongful life cases, especially in light of the contradicting outcomes in different jurisdictions across the world, with the Dutch Kelly case and the South African decision in Stewart v Botha as its main examples. I will test the hypothesis that it is not so much the outcomes and (more importantly) the arguments found elsewhere through the comparative law method that are decisive in highly debated cases like those concerning wrongful life, but that instead it is something else that decides the issue, something I would define as the cultural background of, or the legal policies within a tort law system.
Giesen, Ivo, The Use and Influence of Comparative Law in ‘Wrongful Life’ Cases (May 10, 2012). Utrecht Law Review, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 35-54, May 2012.
Saturday, June 9, 2012
Quantitative Methods in Comparative Law
Abstract:
In the field of comparative law, the use of economic analysis has been at the same time fashionable and controversial. Notwithstanding its controversial acceptance in the discipline, the so-called comparative law and economics method is an important example of the application of economics to areas that were once considered beyond the realm of economic analysis. This article discusses the multiple roles that quantitative economic methods (both theoretical and empirical) can play for comparative legal analysis.
Parisi, Francesco and Luppi, Barbara, Quantitative Methods in Comparative Law (May 2, 2012). Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper No. 12-20.
In the field of comparative law, the use of economic analysis has been at the same time fashionable and controversial. Notwithstanding its controversial acceptance in the discipline, the so-called comparative law and economics method is an important example of the application of economics to areas that were once considered beyond the realm of economic analysis. This article discusses the multiple roles that quantitative economic methods (both theoretical and empirical) can play for comparative legal analysis.
Parisi, Francesco and Luppi, Barbara, Quantitative Methods in Comparative Law (May 2, 2012). Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper No. 12-20.
The Unification of Private Law in Europe from the Perspective of Polish Legal Culture
Abstract:
The paper analyses the relationship between the possible future unification of private law in the European Union and Polish culture of private law understood as the ability of Polish legal culture to adapt to a new unified European private law in the future. Based on the assumption that Polish culture of private law does not have a ‘unique’ or ‘original’ character making it qualitatively distinct from e.g. German or French legal culture, the paper argues that Polish legal culture as such does not pose any obstacles to the unification of private law. The paper also analyses the possible impact of the unification of Polish private law on the practices of Polish legal culture, i.e. legislation, adjudication, legal counselling, scholarship and education. It argues that the unification would be the most beneficial for Polish practitioners and scholars, making their professions much more internationalised than at present and enhancing the possibility of their effective free movement across the Union. The same applies to legal education: the new unified European private law introduced into curricula of law schools, law faculties and legal professional training would mean that Polish students and apprentices would study subjects of a pan-European, and not only national relevance. A benefit common to judges, practitioners and scholars would be the possibility of resorting to a much wider scope of case-law and scholarly writings in pleadings, court decisions and academic discussions de lege lata. However, it would also be important to ensure that an input from Polish scholars is made into the new European doctrine of private law, so that the movement of legal ideas is not only one-sided.
Mańko, Rafał, The Unification of Private Law in Europe from the Perspective of Polish Legal Culture (2008). (2007-2008) 11 Yearbook of Polish Legal Studies 109.
The paper analyses the relationship between the possible future unification of private law in the European Union and Polish culture of private law understood as the ability of Polish legal culture to adapt to a new unified European private law in the future. Based on the assumption that Polish culture of private law does not have a ‘unique’ or ‘original’ character making it qualitatively distinct from e.g. German or French legal culture, the paper argues that Polish legal culture as such does not pose any obstacles to the unification of private law. The paper also analyses the possible impact of the unification of Polish private law on the practices of Polish legal culture, i.e. legislation, adjudication, legal counselling, scholarship and education. It argues that the unification would be the most beneficial for Polish practitioners and scholars, making their professions much more internationalised than at present and enhancing the possibility of their effective free movement across the Union. The same applies to legal education: the new unified European private law introduced into curricula of law schools, law faculties and legal professional training would mean that Polish students and apprentices would study subjects of a pan-European, and not only national relevance. A benefit common to judges, practitioners and scholars would be the possibility of resorting to a much wider scope of case-law and scholarly writings in pleadings, court decisions and academic discussions de lege lata. However, it would also be important to ensure that an input from Polish scholars is made into the new European doctrine of private law, so that the movement of legal ideas is not only one-sided.
Mańko, Rafał, The Unification of Private Law in Europe from the Perspective of Polish Legal Culture (2008). (2007-2008) 11 Yearbook of Polish Legal Studies 109.
Sunday, June 3, 2012
Legal Cultures and Legal Transplants in Germany
Abstract:
At first glance, many jurists often perceive their own (Private) law to be somewhat hermetic in nature. Their law exists in its own self-contained cosmos, independent from others in the legal universe, yet its atmosphere is sometimes breached by the ‘meteorites’ of international and European law. The reasons for this perception are clear: it is often difficult to ascertain in ones own legal system the influences from foreign (or supranational) law and from foreign legal cultures. This is impeded further by most universities failing to approach this topic, except briefly in the context of international and European law. The following therefore shall attempt to at least attenuate this deficit by providing a ‘birds-eye view’ of German law. In doing so, not only shall the clear marks left in each legal area by foreign and supranational law be shown, but also how they continue to considerably impact upon the German legal landscape and legal culture.
Janssen, Andre and Schulze, Reiner, Legal Cultures and Legal Transplants in Germany (2011). European Review of Private Law, Vol. 2, pp. 225-256, 2011.
At first glance, many jurists often perceive their own (Private) law to be somewhat hermetic in nature. Their law exists in its own self-contained cosmos, independent from others in the legal universe, yet its atmosphere is sometimes breached by the ‘meteorites’ of international and European law. The reasons for this perception are clear: it is often difficult to ascertain in ones own legal system the influences from foreign (or supranational) law and from foreign legal cultures. This is impeded further by most universities failing to approach this topic, except briefly in the context of international and European law. The following therefore shall attempt to at least attenuate this deficit by providing a ‘birds-eye view’ of German law. In doing so, not only shall the clear marks left in each legal area by foreign and supranational law be shown, but also how they continue to considerably impact upon the German legal landscape and legal culture.
Janssen, Andre and Schulze, Reiner, Legal Cultures and Legal Transplants in Germany (2011). European Review of Private Law, Vol. 2, pp. 225-256, 2011.
Saturday, June 2, 2012
Quantitative Methods in Comparative Law
Abstract:
In the field of comparative law, the use of economic analysis has been at the same time fashionable and controversial. Notwithstanding its controversial acceptance in the discipline, the so-called comparative law and economics method is an important example of the application of economics to areas that were once considered beyond the realm of economic analysis. This article discusses the multiple roles that quantitative economic methods (both theoretical and empirical) can play for comparative legal analysis.
Parisi, Francesco and Luppi, Barbara, Quantitative Methods in Comparative Law (May 2, 2012). Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper No. 12-20.
In the field of comparative law, the use of economic analysis has been at the same time fashionable and controversial. Notwithstanding its controversial acceptance in the discipline, the so-called comparative law and economics method is an important example of the application of economics to areas that were once considered beyond the realm of economic analysis. This article discusses the multiple roles that quantitative economic methods (both theoretical and empirical) can play for comparative legal analysis.
Parisi, Francesco and Luppi, Barbara, Quantitative Methods in Comparative Law (May 2, 2012). Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper No. 12-20.
Brown Abroad: An Empirical Analysis of Foreign Judicial Citation and the Metaphor of Cosmopolitan Conversation
Abstract:
This Article generates a data set (twelve courts and thirty-two decisions) of foreign judicial citations to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education. The purpose of this Article is to learn what happens when a case is deterritorialized and reconstituted in a different national scenario, and to conceptualize how courts around the world use foreign authority. Analysis reveals that few foreign courts used Brown in decisions involving education or race and ethnicity. Foreign courts used the case as a form of factual evidence, as a guide in understanding the proper role of a court with respect to decision making, and as a source of substantive law in discussions on equal protection. Specifically, the article illustrates the ways in which justices on both the New Zealand Court of Appeal and the Constitutional Court of South Africa used Brown in discussions of same-sex marriage. Although central to comparative law, the legal transplant metaphor does not adequately explain the transnational use of Brown. By incorporating sociological theories of diffusion and innovation, the article attempts to reconcile some of the flaws of the transplant metaphor and argue that conceptualizing judiciaries’ use of foreign law as a cosmopolitan conversation is more appropriate. Cosmopolitan conversation has led to forms of legal learning and innovation when courts have cited, interpreted, and infused their own meaning into the Brown decision.
Lyke, Sheldon Bernard, Brown Abroad: An Empirical Analysis of Foreign Judicial Citation and the Metaphor of Cosmopolitan Conversation (March 2, 2012). Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 45, p. 83, 2012.
This Article generates a data set (twelve courts and thirty-two decisions) of foreign judicial citations to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education. The purpose of this Article is to learn what happens when a case is deterritorialized and reconstituted in a different national scenario, and to conceptualize how courts around the world use foreign authority. Analysis reveals that few foreign courts used Brown in decisions involving education or race and ethnicity. Foreign courts used the case as a form of factual evidence, as a guide in understanding the proper role of a court with respect to decision making, and as a source of substantive law in discussions on equal protection. Specifically, the article illustrates the ways in which justices on both the New Zealand Court of Appeal and the Constitutional Court of South Africa used Brown in discussions of same-sex marriage. Although central to comparative law, the legal transplant metaphor does not adequately explain the transnational use of Brown. By incorporating sociological theories of diffusion and innovation, the article attempts to reconcile some of the flaws of the transplant metaphor and argue that conceptualizing judiciaries’ use of foreign law as a cosmopolitan conversation is more appropriate. Cosmopolitan conversation has led to forms of legal learning and innovation when courts have cited, interpreted, and infused their own meaning into the Brown decision.
Lyke, Sheldon Bernard, Brown Abroad: An Empirical Analysis of Foreign Judicial Citation and the Metaphor of Cosmopolitan Conversation (March 2, 2012). Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 45, p. 83, 2012.
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